He fibromuscular stroma, of the CBZ63 group might be caused by
He fibromuscular stroma, of the CBZ63 group might be caused by alterations of the testosterone and estradiol levels. Since changes of the testosterone or estradiol plasma levels this age were not at 43 days of age, the presence of activated and degranulated mast cells in the prostatic stroma of CBZ43 rats cannot be only explained based on hormonal alterations. Thus, in the our experiment, the frequent observation of activated and degranulated mast cells located in the fibromuscular stroma of the CBZ43 and CBZ63 groups again suggests that a direct effect of the CBZ on ventral prostate may have occurred, inducing possible transitory inflammatory process. In fact, mast cells granules containing preformed tumor necrosis factor a and releasing this cytokine from mast cells is important for the initiation of an inflammatory response [75]. Some experiments indicate that mast cell infiltration can enhance carcinogenesis [76,77]. Mast cells contribute to the development of skin cancer in K14-HPV16 transgenic mouse by proteases releasing, such as tryptase and chymase and stimulating angiogenesis [78]. In addition, the presence of degranulated mast cells in the prostatic stroma of CBZ63 rats was followed by increase of the macrophages number. This increase of macrophages might partly be due to the cytokines released from infiltrating mast cells. Macrophages haveshown clearly to aid in both the initiation and progression of experimental cancers [79]. Similar PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797473 increases in mast cells and macrophages were observed in rats exposure to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a heterocyclic amine in cooked meat at high temperatures [80]; then, the inflammatory response to PhIP may help explain the tissue-specific and prostate lobe-specific carcinogenesis in the rat prostate induced by a long term dietary carcinogen [81]. Moreover, after castration, an increase of the mast cells can be observed in the rat prostate; besides, the number of T0901317 site ED-1-immunostained macrophages was also markedly increased in the epithelium and in the stroma of the rat ventral prostate [82]. In the present study, stereological and histomorphometric analyses revealed that CBZ chronic treatment since weaning causes, in the adult phase, decreases in: the volume of prostatic components, glandular epithelium surface and acini lenght. As a result, these alterations may have probably provoked reductions of the ventral prostate weight and volume in response to the CBZ direct effect. Besides, testosterone and estradiol plasma level alterations caused by CBZ can also indirectly act on the ventral prostate, influencing its maintenance and development. In addition, the presence of activated mast cells during pre-puberty and puberty phases PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072704 may indicate a possible transitory inflammatory process, suggesting direct effect of the CBZ on ventral prostate. In addition, we must remember that inflammatory reactions of the male genitourinary tract can affect male infertility in different degrees. In fact, high levels of cytokines secreted by mast cells can play a role in the decrease of the sperm function and sperm-egg interaction and this phenomenon have been widely neglected so far. Moreover, cytokines does not act only as key mediators of inflammation, but may also play important roles in the carcinogenesis and cancer progression [83,84]. Moreover, mast cells have been used as markers for risk stratification in invasive breast cancers [85,86]; then, it is possible that they can also f.