Question do not stick to a unilinear trend more than time but vary historically and are explained by the confluence of processes at different levels (macro icro, global ocal) and by the intersection of ecological, financial, political, and cultural dimensions. Within the similar way that it’s probable to observe popular trends in other rural territories and spaces affected by extractivism, you’ll find particular dynamics which can only be understood in relation for the unique history with the study case. Hence, analysis on these concerns must be guided by theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches that seek to understand the unique scales and dimensions of analysis that interact within a distinct space. The case study shows the hyperlinks which have existed between extractivism along with the growth of urban centers in Latin America [137], and particularly of your close connection amongst Thromboxane B2 MedChemExpress mining and urban expansion in the southcentral Andes [138,139]. The urbanization of your Calama oasis has been driven by 3 mechanisms: (a) Compound 48/80 Purity & Documentation corporate policies focused on increased production, which involves city development; (b) informal development on the city perimeter as a result of unplanned settlement by people today attracted there; and (c) urbanization promoted by the State using the aim of regularizing and installing vital solutions in peripheral zones in the city that created informally. The development on the mining industry inside the Loa River basin, plus the expansion with the city of Calama and other regional urban centers, led to a higher demand for water resources and labor more than time. In this regard, as observed in other parts in the Andes [26,29,30,379], mining extractivism has driven territorial transformations which might be accompanied by the dispossession and destruction of organic sources, the proletarianization of urban andLand 2021, 10,15 ofmining occupations, and intense transformations within the techniques of life of peasants and also other rural inhabitants. Hence, significant adjustments in land use occurred inside the rural spaces from the Calama oasis, tending in current decades towards the urbanization on the rural space, urban ural pluriactivity, as well as a deagrarianized way of life. Nonetheless, analysis of the agricultural dynamics of the case study area from a long-term point of view shows that, as well as the above processes, and as in other components in the southcentral Andes [32,40], at specific instances, the mining industry, its camps, and cities have strengthened the position of stakeholders in the agricultural system by creating demand for their items. Inside the Calama oasis, it was mainly the big landowners operating comprehensive alfalfa-producing estates who wasted no time moving their capital to other sectors of the economy when profitability dropped. Land 2021, 10, x FOR PEER Critique 16 of 21 The indigenous peasantry, despite receiving state assistance at specific times, has come to be progressively weakened. For the duration of particular periods, supportive public actions along with the farmers’ personal appeals competed with other public policies in force at the very same time–the ongoing irrigation, and the promotion of urban growth–to lessen their prospective impacts. In spite of assistance for copper extraction, the privatization of water sources, the limits on irrigation, all ofthe promotion of urban growth–to lessen their potential impacts. Despite all of this, and this, nonetheless, the peasants are virtually the only actors currently that are sustaining the even so, the peasants are practically the the oasis. Although these activities contin.