Tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to Scott Stanley, Galena Rhoades, and Howard Markman (5R01HD047564). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH or NICHD.J Fam Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.Rhoades et al.Page
Many, if not most, redox reactions are coupled to proton transfers. This includes most common MG516 chemical information sources of chemical potential energy, from the bioenergetic processes that power cells to the fossil fuel combustion that powers cars. These proton-coupled electron transfer or PCET processes may involve multiple electrons and multiple protons, as in the 4 e-, 4 H+ reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water (eq 1), or can involve one electron and one proton such as the formation of tyrosyl radicals from tyrosine residues (TyrOH) in enzymatic catalytic cycles (eq 2). In addition, many multi-electron, multi-proton processes proceed in oneelectron and one-proton steps. Organic reactions that proceed in one-electron steps involve radical intermediates, which play critical roles in a wide range of chemical, biological, and industrial processes. This broad and diverse class of PCET reactions are central to a great many chemical and biochemical processes, from biological catalysis and energy transduction, to bulk industrial chemical processes, to new approaches to solar energy conversion. PCET is therefore of broad and increasing interest, as illustrated by this issue and a number of other recent reviews.12?(1)(2)Proton-coupled redox reactions are by no means a new concept. The Nernst equation of 18894 describes how aqueous redox potentials vary with pH when protons are involved. Physical and organic chemists have been studying hydrogen atom transfer reactions of organic compounds for over a century, and a hydrogen atom is simply a proton and an electron. It has more recently been realized that these areas are connected; organic Htransfer reactions are part of a broader class of reactions in which 1H+ and 1e- are transferred. As a ARA290 dose result, the ubiquity of H+/e- transfers has come to the forefront of chemistry and biology. The first issue that needs to be addressed in any PCET process is the thermochemistry of the electron, proton, and PCET processes. While many aspects of PCET are of great interest, from hydrogen tunneling and isotope effects to photoinduced processes, they all rely on knowledge of the thermochemistry. The thermochemical description is essentially a map of the system, showing each of the possible reactant, intermediate and product states where the system can reside (for at least a few vibrational periods), and the energies of each of these states. Having such a map is fundamental to understanding any PCET [email protected] et al.PageIn particular, the free energies of the various species will, in large part, answer one of the central questions in any PCET process: whether the electron and proton transfer `together,’ in a single kinetic step, or whether the process occurs by a sequence of electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT) steps. In many cases, as described below, there is a large thermochemical bias that favors moving the two particles together, in a concerted process, since this can circumvent high energy intermediates formed in elementary ET or PT steps. While ET and PT are two of the most fundamental chemical reactions, the understanding of how H+ and e- transfer toget.Tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to Scott Stanley, Galena Rhoades, and Howard Markman (5R01HD047564). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH or NICHD.J Fam Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.Rhoades et al.Page
Many, if not most, redox reactions are coupled to proton transfers. This includes most common sources of chemical potential energy, from the bioenergetic processes that power cells to the fossil fuel combustion that powers cars. These proton-coupled electron transfer or PCET processes may involve multiple electrons and multiple protons, as in the 4 e-, 4 H+ reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water (eq 1), or can involve one electron and one proton such as the formation of tyrosyl radicals from tyrosine residues (TyrOH) in enzymatic catalytic cycles (eq 2). In addition, many multi-electron, multi-proton processes proceed in oneelectron and one-proton steps. Organic reactions that proceed in one-electron steps involve radical intermediates, which play critical roles in a wide range of chemical, biological, and industrial processes. This broad and diverse class of PCET reactions are central to a great many chemical and biochemical processes, from biological catalysis and energy transduction, to bulk industrial chemical processes, to new approaches to solar energy conversion. PCET is therefore of broad and increasing interest, as illustrated by this issue and a number of other recent reviews.12?(1)(2)Proton-coupled redox reactions are by no means a new concept. The Nernst equation of 18894 describes how aqueous redox potentials vary with pH when protons are involved. Physical and organic chemists have been studying hydrogen atom transfer reactions of organic compounds for over a century, and a hydrogen atom is simply a proton and an electron. It has more recently been realized that these areas are connected; organic Htransfer reactions are part of a broader class of reactions in which 1H+ and 1e- are transferred. As a result, the ubiquity of H+/e- transfers has come to the forefront of chemistry and biology. The first issue that needs to be addressed in any PCET process is the thermochemistry of the electron, proton, and PCET processes. While many aspects of PCET are of great interest, from hydrogen tunneling and isotope effects to photoinduced processes, they all rely on knowledge of the thermochemistry. The thermochemical description is essentially a map of the system, showing each of the possible reactant, intermediate and product states where the system can reside (for at least a few vibrational periods), and the energies of each of these states. Having such a map is fundamental to understanding any PCET [email protected] et al.PageIn particular, the free energies of the various species will, in large part, answer one of the central questions in any PCET process: whether the electron and proton transfer `together,’ in a single kinetic step, or whether the process occurs by a sequence of electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT) steps. In many cases, as described below, there is a large thermochemical bias that favors moving the two particles together, in a concerted process, since this can circumvent high energy intermediates formed in elementary ET or PT steps. While ET and PT are two of the most fundamental chemical reactions, the understanding of how H+ and e- transfer toget.